From: "Saved by Internet Explorer 11" Subject: Rice takes deeper look at unconventional oil and gas Date: Thu, 9 Feb 2017 18:27:56 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01D28302.3BC6C020" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.1.7601.23548 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01D28302.3BC6C020 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://news.rice.edu/2017/02/09/rice-takes-deeper-look-at-unconventional-oil-and-gas/ =EF=BB=BF Rice takes deeper look at unconventional oil and gas

Rice University News = &=20 Media Rice=20 University News & Media

Rice takes deeper look at unconventional oil and = gas

Mike = Williams

=E2=80=93=20 February 9,=20 2017Posted in: News=20 Releases

Editor=E2=80=99s note: Links to high-resolution images for = download appear at=20 the end of this release.

David Ruth
713-348-6327
david@rice.edu

Mike Williams
713-348-6728
mikewilliams@rice.edu

Rice takes deeper look at unconventional oil and gas =

Rice University engineers enhance methods to characterize = deposits,=20 potential for extraction

HOUSTON =E2=80=93 (Feb. 9, 2017) =E2=80=93 Understanding how oil and = gas molecules, water and=20 rocks interact at the nanoscale will help make extraction of = hydrocarbons=20 through hydraulic fracturing more efficient, according to Rice = University=20 researchers.

Rice engineers George Hirasaki and Walter Chapman are leading an = effort to=20 better characterize the contents of organic shale by = combining=20 standard nuclear=20 magnetic resonance (NMR) =E2=80=93 the same=20 technology used by hospitals to see inside human bodies =E2=80=93 = with molecular = dynamics=20 simulations.

Rice research scientist Philip Singer holds = kerogen, a=20 component of oil shale, extracted and compressed for study into a = pellet.=20 Because natural gas escapes from kerogen at atmospheric pressure, the = Rice lab=20 reloads it with gas at pressures up to 5,000 psi and then probes it with = a=20 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. The results are used to = validate=20 molecular simulations that may someday help characterize wells before = their=20 hydrocarbons are extracted. Photo by Jeff Fitlow

The work presented this month in the Journal=20 of Magnetic Resonance details their method to analyze shale samples = and=20 validate simulations that may help producers determine how much oil = and/or gas=20 exist in a formation and how difficult they may be to extract.

Oil and gas drillers use NMR to characterize rock they believe = contains=20 hydrocarbons. NMR manipulates the hydrogen atoms=E2=80=99 nuclear = magnetic=20 moments, which can be forced to align by an applied external = magnetic field.=20 After the moments are perturbed by radio-frequency electromagnetic = pulses, they=20 =E2=80=9Crelax=E2=80=9D back to their original orientation, and NMR can = detect that. Because=20 relaxation times differ depending on the molecule and its environment, = the=20 information gathered by NMR can help identify whether a molecule is gas, = oil or=20 water and the critical size of the pores that contain them.

=E2=80=9CThis is their eyes and ears for knowing what=E2=80=99s down = there,=E2=80=9D said Hirasaki,=20 who said NMR instruments are among several tools in the string sent = downhole to=20 =E2=80=9Clog,=E2=80=9D or gather information, about a well.

In conventional reservoirs, he said, the NMR log can distinguish gas, = oil and=20 water and quantify the amounts of each contained in the pores of the = rock from=20 their relaxation times =E2=80=94 known as T1= and=20 T2 =E2=80=94 as=20 well as the diffusivity of the fluids.

A sample of oil shale, left, and a kerogen = pellet,=20 right, extracted from shale by Rice engineers. Photo by Jeff = Fitlow

=E2=80=9CIf the rock is wate= r-wet,=20 then oil will relax at rates close to that of bulk oil, while water will = have a=20 surface-relaxation time that is a function of the pore size,=E2=80=9D = Hirasaki said.=20 =E2=80=9CThis is because water is relaxed by sites at the water/mineral = interface and=20 the ratio of the mineral surface area to water volume is larger in = smaller=20 pores. The diffusivity is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the = fluid. Thus gas is easily distinguished from oil and water by = measuring=20 diffusivity simultaneously with the T2 relaxation time.

=E2=80=9CIn unconventional reservoirs, both T1 and T2 relaxation = times of water and=20 oil are short and have considerable overlap,=E2=80=9D he said. = =E2=80=9CAlso the T1/T2 ratio can=20 become very large in the smallest pores. The diffusivity is restricted = by the=20 nanometer-to-micron size of the pores. Thus it is a challenge to = determine=20 if the signal is from gas, oil or water.=E2=80=9D

Hirasaki said there is debate on whether the short relaxation times = in shale=20 are due to paramagnetic = sites on=20 mineral surfaces and asphaltene = aggregates and/or=20 due to the restricted motion of the molecules confined in small pores. = =E2=80=9CWe don=E2=80=99t=20 have an answer yet, but this study is the first step,=E2=80=9D he = said.

=E2=80=9CThe development of technology to drill horizontal wells and = apply multiple=20 hydraulic fractures (up to about 50) is what made oil and gas production = commercially viable from unconventional resources,=E2=80=9D Hirasaki = said. =E2=80=9CThese=20 resources were previously known as the =E2=80=98source = rock,=E2=80=99 from which oil and=20 gas found in conventional reservoirs had originated and = migrated. The=20 source rock was too tight for commercial production using conventional=20 technology.=E2=80=9D

Simulations created by Rice engineers will = help them=20 understand the effect of confinement on dipolar relaxation, a critical = factor in=20 interpreting nuclear magnetic resonance data. The image here is of = heptane=20 molecules in a nanotube. The study is a preliminary step toward = understanding=20 dipolar relaxation of fluids confined in the chemically and structurally = heterogeneous kerogen matrix in oil shale. Illustration by Dilip=20 Asthagiri

Fluids=20 pumped downhole to fracture a horizontal well contain water, = chemicals and=20 sand that keeps the fracture =E2=80=9Cpropped=E2=80=9D open after the = injection stops. The=20 fluids are then pumped out to make room for the hydrocarbons to = flow.

But not all the water sent downhole comes back. Often the chemical=20 composition of the organic component of shale known as kerogen has an = affinity that=20 allows water molecules to bind and block the nanoscale pores that would=20 otherwise let oil and gas molecules through.

=E2=80=9CKerogen is the organic material that resisted biodegradation = during deep=20 burial,=E2=80=9D Hirasaki said. =E2=80=9CWhen it gets to a certain = temperature, the molecules=20 start cracking and make hydrocarbon liquids. Higher temperature makes = methane=20 (natural gas). But the fluids are in pores that are so tight the = technology=20 developed for conventional reservoirs doesn=E2=80=99t apply = anymore.=E2=80=9D

The Rice project managed by lead author Philip Singer, a research = scientist=20 in Hirasaki=E2=80=99s lab, and co-author Dilip Asthagiri, a research = scientist in=20 Chapman=E2=80=99s lab, a lecturer and director of Rice=E2=80=99s = Professional Master=E2=80=99s in=20 Chemical Engineering program, applies NMR to kerogen samples and = compares it to=20 computer models that simulate how the substances interact, particularly = in terms=20 of material=E2=80=99s wettability,=20 its affinity for binding to water, gas or oil molecules.

=E2=80=9CNMR is very sensitive to fluid-surface = interactions,=E2=80=9D Singer said. =E2=80=9CWith=20 shale, the complication we=E2=80=99re dealing with is the nanoscale = pores. The NMR=20 signal changes dramatically compared with measuring conventional rocks, = in which=20 pores are larger than a micron. So to understand what the NMR is telling = us in=20 shale, we need to simulate the interactions down to the = nanoscale.=E2=80=9D

Rice researchers, from left, George Hirasaki, = Philip=20 Singer, Walter Chapman and Dilip Asthagiri. Photo by Jeff = Fitlow

The simulations mimic the molecules=E2=80=99 known relaxation = properties and reveal=20 how they move in such a restrictive environment. When matched with NMR = signals,=20 they help interpret conditions downhole. That knowledge could also lead = to=20 fracking fluids that are less likely to bind to the rock, improving the = flow of=20 hydrocarbons, Hirasaki said.

=E2=80=9CIf we can verify with measurements in the laboratory how = fluids in highly=20 confined or viscous systems behave, then we=E2=80=99ll be able to use = the same types of=20 models to describe what=E2=80=99s happening in the reservoir = itself,=E2=80=9D he said.

One goal is to incorporate the simulations into iSAFT = =E2=80=94 inhomogeneous=20 Statistical Associating Fluid Theory =E2=80=94 a pioneering method = developed by Chapman=20 and his group to simulate the free energy = landscapes=20 of complex materials and analyze their microstructures, surface forces,=20 wettability and morphological transitions.

=E2=80=9COur results challenge approximations in models that have = been used for over=20 50 years to interpret NMR and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) = data,=E2=80=9D Chapman=20 said. =E2=80=9CNow that we have established the approach, we hope to = explain results=20 that have baffled scientists for years.=E2=80=9D

Chapman is the William W. Akers Professor of Chemical and = Biomolecular=20 Engineering and associate dean for energy in the George R. Brown = School of=20 Engineering. Hirasaki is the A.J. Hartsook Professor Emeritus of = Chemical and=20 Biomolecular Engineering.

The Rice University Consortium on Processes in Porous Media supported = the=20 research, with computing resources supplied by the National Energy = Research=20 Scientific Computing Center, which is supported by the Office of Science = of the=20 U.S. Department of Energy, and the Texas Advanced Computing Center at = the=20 University of Texas at Austin.

-30-

Read the paper at www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090780717300319

Follow Rice News and Media Relations via Twitter @RiceUNews

Related materials:

Consortium for Processes in Porous Media: (Hirasaki group): http://porousmedia.rice.edu/

Chapman Research Group: www.ruf.rice.edu/~saft= /chapman.htm

Rice Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering: https://chbe.rice.edu/

Images for download:

htt= p://news.rice.edu/files/2017/02/0213_NMR-1-web-zhtdi2.jpg

Rice University research scientist Philip Singer holds kerogen, a = component=20 of oil shale, extracted and compressed for study into a pellet. Because = natural=20 gas escapes from kerogen at atmospheric pressure, the Rice lab reloads = it with=20 gas at pressures up to 5,000 psi and then probes it with a nuclear = magnetic=20 resonance spectrometer. The results are used to validate molecular = simulations=20 that may someday help characterize wells before their hydrocarbons are=20 extracted. (Credit: Jeff Fitlow/Rice University)

htt= p://news.rice.edu/files/2017/02/0213_NMR-2-web-x5ck4g.jpg

A sample of oil shale, left, and a kerogen pellet, right, extracted = from=20 shale by Rice University engineers. Rice researchers are building = simulations=20 based on samples from unconventional, organic shale formations that can = help=20 predict how much oil and gas a well might produce and how best to = extract it.=20 (Credit: Jeff Fitlow/Rice University)

htt= p://news.rice.edu/files/2017/02/0213_NMR-3-web-r9ikob.jpg

Rice University researchers, from left, George Hirasaki, Philip = Singer,=20 Walter Chapman and Dilip Asthagiri are integrating molecular dynamics=20 simulations and nuclear magnetic resonance to help make extraction of=20 hydrocarbons from deep oil shale formations more efficient. (Credit: = Jeff=20 Fitlow/Rice University)

3D""=20

ht= tp://news.rice.edu/files/2017/02/0213_NMR-4-web-1j1kx38.jpg

Rice University research scientist Philip Singer places kerogen = pellets into=20 a nuclear magnetic resonance instrument to analyze its hydrocarbon = content and=20 match the results to simulations. (Credit: Jeff Fitlow/Rice = University)

<= IMG=20 class=3D"alignleft size-full wp-image-96958" alt=3D""=20 src=3D"http://news.rice.edu/files/2017/02/0213_NMR-5a-small-11xsnmx.jpg" = width=3D144=20 height=3D142 sizes=3D"(max-width: 144px) 100vw, 144px"=20 srcset=3D"http://news.rice.edu/files/2017/02/0213_NMR-5a-small-11xsnmx.jp= g 144w, = http://news.rice.edu/files/2017/02/0213_NMR-5a-small-11xsnmx-36x36.jpg = 36w">

h= ttp://news.rice.edu/files/2017/02/0213_NMR-5a-web-1c3nz4o.jpg

Simulations created by Rice University engineers will help them = understand=20 the effect of confinement on dipolar relaxation, a critical factor in=20 interpreting nuclear magnetic resonance data. The image here is of = heptane=20 molecules in a nanotube. The study is a preliminary step toward = understanding=20 dipolar relaxation of fluids confined in the chemically and structurally = heterogeneous kerogen matrix in oil shale. (Credit: Dilip Asthagiri/Rice = University)

Located on a 300-acre forested campus in Houston, Rice University = is=20 consistently ranked among the nation=E2=80=99s top 20 universities by = U.S. News &=20 World Report. Rice has highly respected schools of Architecture, = Business,=20 Continuing Studies, Engineering, Humanities, Music, Natural Sciences and = Social=20 Sciences and is home to the Baker Institute for Public Policy. With = 3,910=20 undergraduates and 2,809 graduate students, Rice=E2=80=99s undergraduate = student-to-faculty ratio is 6-to-1. Its residential college system = builds=20 close-knit communities and lifelong friendships, just one reason why = Rice is=20 ranked No. 1 for happiest students and for lots of race/class = interaction by the=20 Princeton Review. Rice is also rated as a best value among private = universities=20 by Kiplinger=E2=80=99s Personal Finance. To read =E2=80=9CWhat = they=E2=80=99re saying about Rice,=E2=80=9D go to=20 http://tinyurl.com= /RiceUniversityoverview.

Tags: Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Engineering =

=20

About Mike Williams

Mike Williams is a senior media relations = specialist=20 in Rice University's Office of Public Affairs.

Comments Closed

Comments are closed. You will not be able to post = a comment=20 in this post.

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